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[16][17] Kathleen Bratton goes so far as to say that women, in legislatures where they make up less than 15% of the membership, may actually be encouraged to develop legislative agendas that are distinct from those of their male colleagues. I want to explore some mechanisms that have been tied to mass strategic adoption of technology, also known as critical mass network theory, within a global crypto and fiat economy to … Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. In social dynamics, critical mass is a sufficient number of adopters of a new idea, technology or innovation in a social system so that the rate of adoption becomes self-sustaining and creates further growth. We can especially feel and see the response to newer technology nowadays. is beneficial, especially if users are dispersed over a larger area, thus necessitating interactivity via media. Exploring the impact of mobilization strategies on the size of demonstrations, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm059. This number has been placed at 30%, before women are able to make a substantial difference in politics. New York: Norton, 1978. [14][15] However, other research suggests lower numbers of women working together in legislature can also affect political change. A sphere gives the smallest M c because a sphere mini-mizes the ratio of surface area to volume for a solid. In this article we argue that the concept of the critical mass deserves a central place in collective action theory. The Frankfurt School's mass culture critical theory proves to be the most radical and severe one among the western mass culture critical theories. A look at the power of critical actors and how having just one can lead to a proliferation of women in the rank and file. c(henceforth just “critical mass”) is the minimum mass of fissile material that is needed for that chain reaction. Women bring a collaborative leadership style that benefits boardroom dynamics by increasing the amount It was an established concept in medicine, specifically epidemiology, since the 1920s, as it helped to explain the spread of illnesses. Americas Conference of Information Systems (AMCIS), Salt Lake City, UT. Bratton, K. A. The third proposition states that the heterogeneity, as discussed by Oliver, et al. addition to employing critical mass theory, we build on research on minority and majority influence on group decision-making as well as tokenism theories. Jan Ll. A sufficient participation, in number of persons (or adopters of an innovation in a social system), that triggs a new behaviour; or where the rate of adoption becomes self-sustaining and creates further growth. In his papers, Schelling quotes the well-known "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism" paper written in 1970 by George Akerlof. An article written in the early 1970s bemoaned the lack of critical mass of scholars studying collective behavior (Quarantelili & Weller 1974). Derived from nuclear physics, critical mass is a term used to represent the smallest mass of material that can sustain a nuclear reaction at a constant level. By their definition, then, "critical mass" is the small segment of a societal system that does the work or action required to achieve the common good. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. A central concept of critical mass theory is the production functionthat is, a mathematical expression in the form of y = f(x) that gives the relationship between … Tag: Alexander Bain, collection action, critical mass, critical mass theory, early adopters, innovators, model rasional pemilihan, social information processing, social presence theory, tipping point, videophone. “Bare” This theory argues that when a committed minority reaches a critical group size—commonly referred to as a “critical mass”—the social system crosses a tipping point. Sometimes the critical In debates about women's political representation, the importance of a certain number or percentage of women in political assemblies is often stressed. When women reached 20% … Others come through the social struggle itself and the need to have the wisdom of past generations. Based on critical mass theory and with the help of a hand-collected panel dataset of 151 listed German firms for the years 2000–2005, we explore whether the link between gender diversity and firm performance follows a U-shape. Earned income does not produce critical mass … critical mass is strictly a function of assets. Sometimes the critical mass provides some level of the good for others who do nothing, while at other times the critical mass pays the start-up costs and induces widespread collective action. Schelling, Thomas C. Micromotives and Macrobehavior. A critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction.The critical mass of a fissionable material depends upon its nuclear properties (specifically, its nuclear fission cross-section), density, shape, enrichment, purity, temperature, and surroundings.The concept is important in nuclear weapon design For many people, this process is driven by the fear of rejection. n. 1. Critical theory, thus, is tantamount to creating a new possibility to think the Real by modifying the separation between what is possible and what is impossible. “Critical mass theory” in social movements refers loosely to any formal theory about how interdependent decisions accumulate into collective action or more narrowly to work in the tradition of Marwell and Oliver (1993). Studies show critical mass can be reached more quickly when you have critical actors, or influential female leaders who can determine outcomes on their own. A sphere gives the smallest M Harris is an independent scholar. "Technology acceptance model (TAM) and social media usage: an empirical study on Facebook", "DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS. Kathleen Bratton goes so far as to say that women, in legislatures where they m… Humans are more likely to follow the masses and feel more comfortable taking a risk after the feedback when watching others try. Collective action usually depends on a "critical mass" that behaves differently from typical group members. This concept is similar to the mental model of activation energy. However, other research suggests lower numbers of women working together in legislature can also affect political change. I am eager to know how researchers of mass communication would apply critical theory to help answer these questions: why do people use social networking sites? of Network Economics, 9(4), 1-33. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1971. The concept was first established (although not explicitly named) in Schelling's essay about racial segregation in neighborhoods, published in 1971 in the Journal of Mathematical Sociology,[3] and later refined in his book, Micromotives and Macrobehavior, published in 1978. Critical Theory has a narrow and a broad meaning in philosophy and in the history of the social sciences. Such function can be decelerating, where there is less utility per unit of resource, and in such a case, resource can taper off. One proposition states that such media's existence is all or nothing, where in if universal access is not achieved, then, eventually, use will discontinue. [18] Others argue that we should look more closely at parliamentary and electoral systems instead of critical mass. Key Texts. And, as Badiou concludes from this: “the goal of critical theory is always to know, to have an understanding (to have a new form of understanding), of what is impossible to know”. The term critical mass is borrowed from nuclear physics and in that field, it refers to the amount of a substance needed to sustain a chain reaction. Reaching a sustainable population is dependent on the collective use of the technology rather than the individual’s use. Sometimes the critical mass provides some level of the good for others who do nothing, while at other times the critical mass pays the start-up costs and induces widespread collective action. At the threshold critical mass, neutron production by fission within a volume just balances neutron loss through the volume’s surface, and the number density of neutrons is constant in time. Learn more. The Critical Mass Theory, as well as the theories behind, is assisting the explaining and understanding of humans as they interact in society. In business, it is used to denote a crucial stage in a company’s development where the business reaches a self-sustaining viability. critical mass synonyms, critical mass pronunciation, critical mass translation, English dictionary definition of critical mass. There are many factors that can hasten or slow the development of a critical mass, such as whether social leaders are quick or slow to adopt and whet… In 1923, Felix decided to use his father’s money to found an institute specifically devoted to the study of German society in the light of a Marxist approach. Collective action usually depends on a "critical mass" that behaves differently from typical group members. Differentiation between earned income and assets is a fundamental lesson to learn when thinking in terms of critical mass. In debates about women's political representation, the importance of a certain number or percentage of women in political assemblies is often stressed. An example put forth by Rogers in Diffusion of Innovations was that of the fax machine, which had been around for almost 150 years before it became popular and widely used. [25] The principle behind the strategy is that at each time Facebook enlarged the size of the community, the saturation never drops below the critical mass, reaching the desired diffusion effect discussed in Rogers, Diffusion of innovations. Krystian Szadkowski and Jakub Krzeski have written a significant paper, In, Against and Beyond: A … Sources: Oliver, P.E. Critical mass theory has it's roots in the idea that you want to develop a solid base of support to offset resistance to change. It can also be driven by financial motives, such as greed in a rising house market. Pdf from Norges Handelshøyskole (NHH), the Norwegian School of Economics. According to these theorists, a critical theory may be distinguished from a traditional theory according to a specific practical purpose: a theory is critical to the extent that it seeks human emancipation from slavery, acts as a libera… Paul A. Taylor and Jan Ll. Other social factors that are important include the size, inter-dependencies and level of communication in a society or one of its subcultures. "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism", https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=amcis2020, https://www.sfu.ca/~bkrauth/papers/critmass.htm. [7] Everett Rogers later cites them both in his important work Diffusion of Innovations, in which critical mass plays an important role. I f it seems like the structures that enable sexism are exploding, that’s because they scientifically are, according to the theory of critical mass. Within social sciences, critical mass has its roots in sociology and is often used to explain the conditions under which reciprocal behavior is started within collective groups, and how it becomes self-sustaining. Critical mass is a concept used in a variety of contexts, including physics, group dynamics, politics, public opinion, and technology. The paradox of group size in collective action: A theory of the critical mass. Working off-campus? [27] By obtaining critical mass in each relative population before advancing to the next audience, Facebook developed enough saturation to become self-sustaining. In M. Lynne Markus' essay in Communication Research entitled "Toward a 'Critical Mass' Theory of Interactive Media",[22] several propositions are made that try to predict under what circumstances interactive media is most likely to achieve critical mass and reach universal access, a "common good" using Oliver, et al. Paul A. Taylor and Jan Ll. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: What makes a big demonstration? Define critical mass. If the term critical mass sounds like it came straight out of a science fiction novel, you’d be right. Once the tipping point is reached, the actions of a minority group trigger a cascade of behavior change that rapidly increases the acceptance of a minority view ( 12 – 14 ). Some come through studying social and political theory in the academy. But the critical mass has not before been treated as a serious theoretical concept. [23], Critical mass is fundamental for social media sites to maintain a significant userbase. UNDERSTANDING COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES • 12 Februari 2014 • 1 Komentar. Another is social stigma, or the possibility of public advocacy due to such a factor. As analogy or metaphor the term has diffused into popular culture and social science and is widely used to refer to any context in which things change after a certain number of people get together or enter a setting. Harris THEN AND NOW CRITICAL THEORIES OF MASS MEDIA 6, Issue 3, 2010 10 Pages Posted: 12 Jun 2011 Last revised: 29 May 2012 [5] Mark Granovetter, in his essay "Threshold models of collective behavior", published in the American Journal of Sociology in 1978[6] worked to solidify the theory. Critical Mass Theory and Women's Political Representation @inproceedings{Childs2008CriticalMT, title={Critical Mass Theory and Women's Political Representation}, author={Sarah J Childs and Mona Lena Krook}, year={2008} } 367", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Critical_mass_(sociodynamics)&oldid=992850818, Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 December 2020, at 12:59. A Theory of the Critical Mass. [8] Similarly, Granovetter cited the Nash Equilibrium game in his papers. Small business that aim to get bigger have to be able to reach the critical mass in order to get bigger. 's terminology. SFU.ca. Recent technology research in platform ecosystems shows that apart from the quantitative notion of a “sufficient number” critical mass is also influenced by qualitative properties such as such as reputation, interests, commitments, capabilities, goals, consensuses, and decisions, all of which are crucial in determining whether reciprocal behavior can be started to achieve sustainability to a commitment such as an idea, new technology, or innovation.[1][2]. And, as Badiou concludes from this: “the goal of critical theory is always to know, to have an understanding (to have a new form of understanding), of what is impossible to know”. Evans, D. S., & Schmalensee, R. (2010). Critical Mass Theory Revisited: The Behavior and Success of Token Women in State Legislatures - Volume 1 Issue 1 - Kathleen A. Bratton Critical Mass Theory and Women Directors' Contribution to Board Strategic Tasks Corporate Board: Role, Duties & Composition, Vol. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Schelling, Thomas C. "On the Ecology of Micromotives," The Public Interest, No. Scientists, physical or social (however narrowly or broadly defined), deal in theory.“Theories are stories about how and why events occur…. Critical theory often analyzes specific social institutions, probing the extent to which valued objectives are sought and achieved. By Everett M. Rogers. This article extends the formal theory of collective action to define and specify the role of the critical mass. Revolutionary theory is a tool for transformation, but to make it mass-based, popular education is necessary. However, with interactive media, the interdependence was reciprocal, meaning both users influenced each other. The more people that use it, the more beneficial it will be, thus creating a type of snowball effect, and conversely, if users begin to stop using the innovation, the innovation loses utility, thus pushing more users to discontinue their use.[22]. It had existed in various forms and for various uses, but with more advancements in the technology of faxes, including the use of existing phone lines to transmit information, coupled with falling prices in both machines and cost per fax, the fax machine reached a critical mass in 1987, when "Americans began to assume that 'everybody else' had a fax machine". Critical researchers link mass media and mass culture to … Women Directors Make a Difference We find that women do make a difference in the boardroom. 10-12 August, 2020. It had also been a present, if not solidified, idea in the study of consumer habits and economics, especially in General Equilibrium Theory. Women bring a collaborative leadership style that benefits boardroom dynamics by increasing the amount Akerlof, George A. The Critical Mass theory implies that at this tipping point, it is possible to completely override initial undesired values and behaviours such as to create the new and desired values and behaviours as the new norm, the new performance standard, entrenching a completely new culture. The under-representation of women on boards is a heavily discussed topic—not only in Germany. The concept of critical mass had existed before it entered a sociology context. Another proposition suggests that a media's ease of use and inexpensiveness, as well as its utilization of an "active notification capability" will help it achieve universal access. Pelosi is one such critical player. & Marwell, G. (1988). Critical mass theory in gender politics and collective political action is defined as the critical number of personnel needed to affect policy and make a change not as the token but as an influential body. With other non-interactive innovations, the dependence on other users was generally sequential, meaning that the early adopters influenced the later adopters to use the innovation. However, some researchers are now questioning whether this "resistance" might be better characterized as "ambivalence." Determining Critical Mass Materials that can sustain a nuclear fission chain reaction is said to be fissile or fissionable. Learn about our remote access options. [13] This number has been placed at 30%, before women are able to make a substantial difference in politics. Critical mass theory is delineated as a better approach for comprehending the conditions that encourage individuals to utilize their personal goods, thus engendering collective action; the approach’s central tenet that general principles of collective action do not exist is highlighted. Felix Weil’s father, Herman, made his fortune by exporting grain from Argentina to Europe. The initial stages of Facebook had limited value to users due to the lack of network effects and critical mass. I. Interdependence, Group Heterogeneity, and the Production of Collective ~ction' Pamela Oliver and Gerald Marwell University of Wisconsin-Madison Ruy Teixeira University of Notre Dame Collective action usually depends on a "critical mass" that behaves differently from typical group members. The smallest mass of a fissionable material that will sustain a nuclear chain reaction at a constant level. [19][20], While critical mass can be applied to many different aspects of sociodynamics, it becomes increasingly applicable to innovations in interactive media such as the telephone, fax, or email. Materials that can sustain a nuclear fission chain reaction is said to be fissile or fissionable.This reaction becomes self-sustaining when the number of neutrons produced by fission equals or exceeds the number of neutrons absorbed by splitting nuclei plus the number that escape into the surroundings. Its size depends on several factors, including the kind of fissile material used, its concentration and purity, and the The idea is that, in complex systems, moving beyond a threshold can suddenly unleash powerful, self-sustaining change. Critical Theory has a narrow and a broad meaning in philosophy and in the history of the social sciences. The adoption of the platform creates the effects of positive externalities whereby each additional user provides additional perceived benefits to previous and potential adopters. In nuclear physics, critical mass is defined as the minimum amount of a fissile material required to create a self-sustaining fission reaction. 29 November 2011. Paul A. Taylor is Senior Lecturer in Communications Theory, University of Leeds, UK. Much of this reasoning has to do with individual interests trumping that which is best for the collective whole, which may not be obvious at the time. On the other hand, the function can be accelerating, where the more resources that are used the bigger the payback. Mass media and the mass culture they promote have become a focus for critical theory. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00712.x Corpus ID: 30013878. Between 2003-2004 Facebook was exclusive to universities such as Harvard, Yale and 34 other schools. “Critical mass theory” in social movements refers loosely to any formal theory about how interdependent decisions accumulate into collective action or more narrowly to work in the tradition of Marwell and Oliver (1993). Critical mass theory Drude Dahlerup first conceptualised critical mass in a feminist theory context in her 1988 article, From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Politics. Print. Critical Theory in the narrow sense designates several generations of German philosophers and social theorists in the Western European Marxist tradition known as the Frankfurt School. The Market for "lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. Variations (heterogeneity) in the value individuals put on a common good or the effort and resources people give is beneficial, because if certain people stand to gain more, they are willing to give or pay more. Olson, Mancur. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. The concept of critical mass was originally created by game theorist Thomas Schelling and sociologist Mark Granovetter to explain the actions and behaviors of a wide range of people and phenomenon. The Wiley‐Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements. [12] In their essay, they define that action in service of a public good as "collective action". Home › Critical Replies › Chain Reaction: Critical Theory Needs Critical Mass—Contradiction, Crisis and the Value-Form, Mike Neary. "Notes for a History of the Critical Mass Model." Critical theory often analyzes specific social institutions, probing the extent to which valued objectives are sought and achieved. We show that the critical mass plays very different roles in pro- ducing different kinds of collective action. Social movement activists and scholars often use “critical mass” in a loose metaphorical way to refer to an initial group of protesters or actors that is big enough to accomplish social change. These attributes have complex interactions and interdependencies. Web. Finally, Markus posits that interventions, both monetarily and otherwise, by governments, businesses, or groups of individuals will help a media reach its critical mass and achieve universal access. Print. critical mass definition: 1. the smallest amount of matter that is needed to produce a nuclear chain reaction 2. the size…. This article will examine 1)the definition of critical mass, 2) how to achieve critical mass, 3) signs that your company may be ready for critical mass, 4) some important components of critical mass 5) business models where critical mass is vital and 6) critical mass in social media websites. DEFINING CRITICAL MASS. For a physicist, the "critical mass" is 1 This research was supported by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. History of the critical mass '' is 1 this research was supported by the Wisconsin Alumni research Foundation School. But to make it mass-based, popular education is necessary often analyzes social... An article written in the academy for critical theory proves to be the most radical and one. To volume for a physicist, the interdependence was reciprocal, meaning both users influenced each other most and! Percentage of women in political assemblies is often stressed resistance '' might be better characterized as `` collective action.... Logic of collective action usually depends on a `` critical mass is strictly a function of assets critical,! In their essay, they define that action in service of a public good as `` ambivalence ''... To maintain a significant paper, in, Against and Beyond: a theory of Groups placed at %! 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